Bahasa Inggris 2
The Difference of
“Some” – “Any”, “Much” – “Many”, and “A lot of” – “A few”
For those who do not know the difference by
using “some” and “any” would be confused when they have to choose one of them
when practice it in writing or conversation. To reveal the levels of a stuff
sometimes we have to use the word: “few”, “little” and “a lot”. However, it’s
all using rules. Therefore, before practice, to consider its use as follows:
1. Some
“Some” is used for a countable
noun and a uncountable noun. It use to Positive / Affirmative / Statement,
Offer, Requests, and Questions Sentence if you want the question to be answered
“Yes”.
Ex :
-
I have some friends to be visited
next week.
-
She borrowed some books at
library.
2. Any
"Any" is used on a
countable noun and a uncountable noun. Its use for Negative / Questions
Sentence.
Ex :
-
Do you have any idea to solve this
problem?
-
Have you got any bananas? No, we
haven’t got any. But we’ve got some oranges.
3. Many
“Many” is used for objects
that can be calculated (countable noun).
Ex :
-
How many fruit you take from
refrigerator?
-
Many people asked me if I have got
married or not.
4. Much
“Much” is used for objects
that can not be calculated, and to calculate it requires a dose / weights and
sizes. The standard of an object can not be counted is if to count must use
tools, such as liters, rupiahs, etc.
Ex :
-
They don’t have much work
experience.
-
You took too much sugar in your tea,
it’s not good for your health.
5. A lot of
“A lot of” can be used for
objects that can be counted and uncounted. That can be used to change the position
of “Many”.
Ex :
-
I have a lot of fun with you
today.
-
How much money do you have? I have
a lot of money.
6. A few
“A few” is a countable noun.
Ex :
-
I wish you would stay here a few
days.
-
I have got a few friends in a day.
How to Use Articles ( A
/ An / Used )
The
Differences
There is a very basic differences between the
article “A”, “An”, and “The” in English. One of the most important differences
are :
the = definite article
a/an = indefinite article
For example, if I say, "Let's read the
book," I mean a specific book. If I say, "Let's read a book," I
mean any book rather than a specific book.
Here's another way to explain it: The is used
to refer to a specific or particular member of a group. For example, "I
just saw the most popular movie of the year." There are many movies, but
only one particular movie is the most popular. Therefore, we use the.
"A / An" is used to refer to a
non-specific or non-particular member of the group. For example, "I would
like to go see a movie." Here, we're not talking about a specific movie.
We're talking about any movie. There are many movies, and I want to see any
movie.
Indefinite
Articles : A / An
"A" and "an" signal that
the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For
example:
1.
"My daughter really wants a
dog for Christmas." ↓
This refers to any
dog. We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet.
2.
"Somebody call a
policeman!" ↓
This refers to any policeman. We don't need a specific policeman; we
need any policeman ` who is
available.
3.
"When I was at the zoo, I saw
an elephant!" ↓
It’s talking about
a single, non-specific thing, in this case an elephant. There are probably
several elephants at the zoo, but there's only one we're talking about here.
Using a or an depends on the sound that begins
the next word. So...
·
a + singular noun beginning with a
consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog
·
an + singular noun beginning with
a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot; an orphan
·
a + singular noun beginning with a
consonant sound: a user (sounds like 'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with a consonant
'y' sound, so 'a' is used); a university; a unicycle
·
an + nouns starting with silent
"h": an hour
·
a + nouns starting with a
pronounced "h": a horse
If the noun is modified by an adjective, the
choice between a and an depends on the initial sound of the adjective that
immediately follows the article:
·
a broken egg
·
an unusual problem
·
a European country (sounds like
'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e. begins with consonant 'y' sound)
The indefinite articles are used to indicate
membership in a group:
·
I am a teacher. (I am a member of
a large group known as teachers.)
·
Brian is an Irishman. (Brian is a
member of the people known as Irish.)
·
Seiko is a practicing Buddhist.
(Seiko is a member of the group of people known as Buddhists.)
Definite
Articles : The
The definite article is used before singular
and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The signals that the
noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. For
example:
1.
"The dog that bit me ran
away." ↓
Here, we're
talking about a specific dog, the dog that bit me.
2.
"I was happy to see the
policeman who saved my cat!" ↓
It’s talking about
a particular policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman's name, it's still
a particular policeman because it is the one who saved the cat.
3.
"I saw the elephant at the
zoo." ↓
It’s talking about
a specific noun. Probably there is only one elephant at the zoo.
Counted
and Uncounted Nouns
The can be used with noncount nouns, or the article
can be omitted entirely.
·
"I love to sail over the
water" (some specific body of water) or "I love to sail over
water" (any water).
·
"He spilled the milk all over
the floor" (some specific milk, perhaps the milk you bought earlier that
day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor" (any milk).
"A/an" can be used only with count
nouns.
·
"I need a bottle of
water."
·
"I need a new glass of
milk."
Most of the time, you can't say, "She
wants a water," unless you're implying, say, a bottle of water.
Active and Passive
Sentences in Present Form & Past Form
Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when
the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or
what is performing the action.
Example : My bike was
stolen.
In the example above, the
focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did
it.
Sometimes a statement in
passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was
made.
In this case, I focus on
the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made
a mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject +
finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular
verbs)
Example: A letter was
written.
When rewriting active
sentences in passive voice, note the following:
-
The object of the active sentence becomes the
subject of the passive sentence
-
The finite form of the verb is changed (to be
+ past participle)
-
The subject of the active sentence becomes
the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
|
Tense
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
Object
|
|
|
Simple Present
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
Writes
|
a letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
is written
|
by Rita.
|
|
|
Simple Past
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
Wrote
|
a letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
was written
|
by Rita.
|
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
has written
|
a letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
has been written
|
by Rita.
|
|
|
Future
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
will write
|
a letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
will be written
|
by Rita.
|
|
|
Present Progressive
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
is writing
|
a letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
is being written
|
by Rita.
|
|
|
Past Progressive
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
was writing
|
a letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
was being written
|
by Rita.
|
|
|
Past Perfect
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
had written
|
a letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
had been written
|
by Rita.
|
|
|
Conditional
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
would write
|
a letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
would be written
|
by Rita.
|
|
Rewriting an active
sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects
becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform
into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
|
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
Object 1
|
Object 2
|
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
wrote
|
a letter
|
to me.
|
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
was written
|
to me
|
by Rita.
|
|
Passive:
|
I
|
was written
|
a letter
|
by Rita.
|
As you can see in the
examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually
dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply
means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive
sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a
personal passive.
Example: They build houses.
– Houses are built.
Verbs without an object
(intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there
is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want
to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal
construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says
– it is said
Impersonal Passive is not
as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In
English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g.
say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer
than men.
– It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive
is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer
than men.
– Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the
subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of
perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using
an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are
dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal
Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence
is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
Indefinite and
Reflexive Pronouns
1. Indefinite Pronoun
“Indefinite pronoun” is the pronoun for peoples, objects,
or things in general or specific. This pronoun have the forms such as singular,
plural, or one of the two.
|
Indefinite
Pronoun
|
Keterangan
|
|
Singular /
uncountable noun
|
|
|
anything, everything, anybody / anyone, everybody / everyone, each,
nobody, somebody / someone, something, nothing, either, neither, much,
another, enough, little, less, one
|
Anybody
/anyone, everybody / everyone, nobody, somebody / someone, one is an
indefinite pronoun that refers to a countable noun (person).
|
|
Another,
each is a pronoun that refers to a countable noun (person, object).
|
|
|
Anything,
everything, something, & nothing is a pronoun that refers
to a countable noun (in the form of objects or things).
|
|
|
Enough,
much, little, less is a pronoun that refers to the uncountable
noun.
|
|
|
Plural
|
|
|
all, both, several, many, few, fewer, ones
|
Plural is for indefinite pronoun in the form of
countable noun.
|
|
Both
|
|
|
none, some, any, more, most
|
None as
singular when as an abbreviation of no
one, while as plural when as not
any.
|
|
Some,
more, most, dan any as a singular pronoun when
referring to the form of uncountable noun, whereas as prular when countable
noun.
|
|
Gender
on Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite Pronoun which refers to the
noun-person, that is: anybody / anyone, everybody / everyone, nobody, and
somebody / someone who doesn’t refer to a specific gender is sometimes followed
by a personal pronoun (subjective, objective, and possessive) or reflexive
pronoun which contains gender elements.
To solve that, Indefinite Pronouns can used
Personal or Reflexive Pronoun form: he / she, his / her, or himself or herself.
Example :
Someone lost his or her car parked in front of
the cafe last night.
However, if done repeatedly, it would seems
not good. The solution may be to use the pronoun "their",
"them", or "themselves" as Gender Neuter Pronoun. Such use
is quite justifiable for daily speech.
Examples Neuter Noun Gender :
Someone lost their car parked in front of the
cafe last night.
Examples of Sentences :
|
Indefinite
Pronoun
|
Contoh
Kalimat Indefinite Pronoun
|
|
All have heard the
news.
|
|
|
All is fine.
|
|
|
another (tambahan, yang
lain)
|
This
photo is amazing. Do you have another?
|
|
any (countable noun)
any (uncountable noun) |
If only any are left.
|
|
Is any safe?
|
|
|
anybody
/ anyone (siapapun)
|
Is there anybody/anyone who agrees with feminism?
|
2. Reflexive Pronouns
“Reflexive Pronoun” is a pronoun (pronoun) used to declare
that the subject (such as peoples or animals) receives the action of the verb
(reciprocal action) in a sentence.
This pronoun is consists of : myself,
yourself, herself, himself, itself, in the singular, and yourselves, ourselves, and themselves in the plural. The form is
identical to the intensive pronoun.
Examples of Sentences :
|
Pronoun
|
Contoh Kalimat Reflexive Pronoun
|
|
Singular
|
|
|
myself
|
I‘m going to
buy myself new jeans.
|
|
yourself
|
It’s essential to treat others like you treat yourself.
|
|
herself
|
She asked herself why she was easy to be panic.
|
|
himself
|
Hendri didn’t
blame himself for the accident.
|
|
itself
|
The
cat is licking itself.
|
|
Plural
|
|
|
yourselves
|
Why don’t you watch yourselves on
TV?
|
|
ourselves
|
We should
give time for ourselves to take a rest.
|
|
themselves
|
The
students ate cookies that they cooked
by themselves.
|
Combination
Objects
Proper noun subject (name of person),
sometimes combined with a pronoun. In this condition, the reflexive pronoun is
used according to the sequence (1st person, 2nd person and 3rd person).
Example :
“Dini and I tried to motivate ourselves.” ↓
(I=1st person –> ourselves=1st person
plural reflexive pronoun).
Have Something Done
& Causative Have
Have
Something Done
“Have Something Done” is a sentence in the
passive voice. "Have something done" is that others do the work for
us. Explanation will be made like this :
Take a look at this two sentences what is the
difference in meaning between them?
"I cut my hair"
"I have my hair cut"
In the above sentence there is a difference in
meaning of the sentence. In the sentence "I cut my hair", it means
that I cut my hair, so the hair cut is done by myself.
In the sentence "I have my hair
cut", it means that I cut my hair too but in the sentence "I have my
hair cut" my hair cut using the services of others.
So the difference if "I cut my hair"
I conduct myself and "I have my hair cut" my hair cut by someone
else.
The formula :
(Have + Object + Past Participle)
For examples as follows :
·
We didn’t want to cook so we had a
pizza delivered
·
I had my car washed at that new
place by the station
·
I had my watch fixed
The sentence above is an example of “have
something done”, those sentences are connote :
·
Kita tidak ingin memasak jadi kita
pesan pizza
·
Saya telah mencuci mobil saya di
tempat yang baru di dekat stasiun
·
Saya telah menonton
From that three examples “had” could be
replaced with “get” or “got” and doesn’t change the true meaning, for example,
can replace like this :
·
We didn’t want to cook so we got a
pizza delivered
·
I got my car washed at that new
place by the station
·
I got my watch fixed
Future
“Have something done”. In the
"future" sentences before the words have / get should be added with
the words "going to" which means we make plans in the future. Example
:
Past
: I had my watch fixed
Future
: I am going to have / get my watch fixed
Then an example sentence using “will” which
means that the recently agreed and done. Example :
I just noticed how my suit is. I will have / get it cleaned
soon.
Questions
“Have
something done” in the form of questions can be demonstrated when we like the our
friend new haircut, then we can ask where she cut her hair with example
sentences as follows :
·
“Where did you have / get your hair cut?”
·
“Where can I have / get my hair cut?”
Causative
Have
Causative
Verb Functions and Formulas.
Causative
verb phrase is divided into two types, active and passive causative. In the
active sentence causative verb, agent (who worked on the action) is known.
Conversely, the causative verb passive sentence, the agent usually is not
mentioned. Let, make, have, and get is a causative verb commonly used.
Functions and formulas of let, make,
have, and get as the following :
|
Verb
|
Fungsi
|
Rumus
Active dan Passive Causative
|
|
Let
|
membiarkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu
|
|
|
Make
|
memaksa atau sangat menyakinkan seseorang untuk
melakukan sesuatu
|
Active:
S + (make-made) + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + … |
|
Have
|
memberi tanggung jawab kepada
seseorang untuk mengerjakan sesuatu untuk subjek
|
Active:
S + (have-had) + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + object |
|
Passive:
S + (have-had) + object + action verb (V-3) |
||
|
Get
|
mirip dengan have namun dengan struktur kalimat yang
berbeda
|
Active:
S + (get-got) + agent + action verb (toinfinitive) + … |
|
Passive:
S + (got) + object + action verb (V-3) |
Here's the
formula of active and passive causative verb along with some sample sentences :
|
Rumus
|
Verbs
|
Examples
|
|
Active Causative Verbs
|
have-had
|
Lala had her friend take her
result test.
|
|
get-got
|
She got her
parents to buy her a
tennis racket.
|
|
|
The boy got his cat to
chase a mouse.
|
||
|
make-made
|
The woman made her daughter eat up the tomatoes.
|
|
|
The manager makes her staff work hard.
|
||
|
let
|
My father lets me choose my
own future carrier.
|
|
|
The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
|
||
|
Passive Causative Verbs
|
have-had
|
I had my
house renovated last
week.
|
|
He had his book returned as
soon as possible.
|
||
|
get-got
|
Teddy got the
money saved in the
bank.
|
|
|
Yulia got her bedroom cleaned.
|
||
|
|
|
|
Determiners
 |
Determiners is the words by using describe / explain / clarify noun, words / groups are placed in front of the noun to clarify what the noun refers to it.
Determiners
Function :
Determinants serves to limit the review to
clarify maning an object or a thing. For example, "I read a
magazine", the sentence is not clear the meaning of the
"magazine". It’s different, if it added determinant in front of the
word "magazine", for example such as "I read a magazine".
The sentence reads more obviously from original sentences.
Types of
Determiners
There are many kinds of determiners, the
following kinds of determiner and an explanation:
1.
The article (a, an, and the)
Articles is the word used
with nouns (noun) to indicate the type of reference made by the noun. The
article is divided into several kinds, but the most common is, Indefinite
Articles and Definite Articles :
·
Indefinite articles: a, an
·
Definite article: the
2.
Possessives (your, my, her,
his, their, our, its)
Possessives is the word or
grammatical construction used to indicate ownership relations in a broad sense.
Ex :
-
I didnt see his car yesterday.
-
This is my house.
-
He found their shelter.
3.
Demonstrative (this, these,
that, those)
Demonstrative shows where an
event, object, or person who has nothing to do with the subject. Demonstrative
can refer to the physical / psychological closeness / distances.
Ex :
-
Those pencils are mine.
-
This is my favorite food.
-
I see these boxes behind your
house.
4.
Quantifier (A little, A few,
much, many, some, any, each, every, a lot of, most, enough)
Quantifiers is a determine by
showing the quantity.
Ex :
-
She has a lot of keys that he
need.
-
I lost many thing in my room.
-
Some people are happy after party.
5.
Distributives (all, half, both,
neither, either, every, each)
Distributives is used to
indicate a group of objects / peoples / a part (members) of a group. The words
used as distributives is all, half, both,
neither, either, every and each.
These words show the
different ways of seeing things / peoples that are part of a group. And reveals
how each part of the group together, spread or divided.
Ex :
-
Every morning Jerry goes jogging.
-
Both Dewi and Rini are her
enemies.
-
All children need attention.
6.
Number (one, two, three, ...)
Numerals Determiners is a
member of the class of words (or subclasses of determiners) which refers to the
figures.
Ex :
-
Five hundred people were left
homeless after the earthquake.
-
She was the fifth person to win
the award.
-
There are thirty students in the
classroom.
7.
Ordinal number (1st, 2nd, 3rd,
...)
Ordinal numbers are numbers
that express a stage, for example the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and
so on.
Ex :
-
I want to give the second question
for you.
-
She will be your third client.
-
This is my first time I join a
music class.
8.
Interrogatives (which, what,
whose)
Interrogatives is also a
member of the class of words (or subclasses of determiners).
Ex :
-
I forgot whose bag on the table.
-
He didnt know which parts of
machines are broken.
Question Tag
Question tags is
a short question at the end of a sentence / statement is used to request the
consent of the other person or confirm the truth of the statement.
Question tags are only consists of the auxiliary verb and
subject pronouns (I, you, she, he, it, they, and we). Below are some provisions
of making question tags.
·
Positive/negative
If the main part of
the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative ….
-
He’s a doctor, isn’t he?
-
You work in a bank, don’t you?
... and if the main
part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.
-
You haven’t met him, have you?
-
She isn’t coming, is she?
·
With Auxiliary Verbs
The question tag uses
the same verb as the main part of the sentence. If this is an auxiliary verb
(‘have’, ‘be’) then the question tag is made with the auxiliary verb.
-
They’ve gone away for a few days,
haven’t they?
-
They weren’t here, were they?
-
He had met him before, hadn’t he?
-
This isn’t working, is it?
·
Without Auxiliary Verbs
If the main part of
the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the question tag uses an
appropriate form of ‘do’.
-
I said that, didn’t I?
-
You don’t recognise me, do you?
-
She eats meat, doesn’t she?
·
With Modal Verbs
If there is a modal
verb in the main part of the sentence the question tag uses the same modal verb.
-
They couldn’t hear me, could they?
-
You won’t tell anyone, will you?
·
With ‘I am’
Be careful with
question tags with sentences that start ‘I am’. The question tag for ‘I am’ is
‘aren’t I?’
-
I’m the fastest, aren’t I?
Intonation
Question tags can
either be ‘real’ questions where you want to know the answer or simply asking
for agreement when we already know the answer.
If the question tag
is a real question we use rising intonation. Our tone of voice rises.
If we already know
the answer we use falling intonation. Our tone of voice falls.
So and Such & Third
Conditional
So
and Such
'So' and 'Such' are two
words that will often be found. Both are belongs to the adverb of degree that
is used to emphasize the quality of someone or something.
Example : “He has a
daughter.”
That sentence is usual or
normal, but if it added to either one of 'So' or 'Such', then it will have a
different meaning, that is :
Example : “He has such a
beautiful girl.”
The above sentence has a
certain emphasis that has different meanings. That is where the function of
'So' and 'Such' statement that is as much emphasis in a sentence.
Examples of Sentence (So) :
‘So’ is placed
after the adjective (adjective), adverb (adverb) or a noun phrase preceded by
determiner (many, much, few, little). Here's examples of the sentence 'So'.
·
This company are so creative and
active.
·
She dances so beautifully.
'So' can also be
followed by that – clause.
·
He is so perfect that I never
criticize him.
·
The thief is so fast that no one
can catch him.
Examples of Sentence (Such)
:
‘Such’ followed by
a singular noun (singular noun) with the article 'a' or a plural noun (plural
noun). Here's examples of the sentence:
·
She carried such a heavy suitcase.
·
They talked such some hot issues.
Similarly, the
'So', 'Such' can also be followed by that – clause.
·
This is such a big glasses that
even my mother can’t wear it.
·
Andita is such a beautiful girl
that almost every boy is interested in her.
The Third
Conditional
There are three conditions in using 'if' in the
sentence. First If Conditional tell about things that can happen in the future.
Second If Conditional tell about what may happen in the future but not
necessarily can occur and can be realized at any time, like a dream or wishful
thinking. Lastly, Third If Conditional tell about what may happen in the future
but it was certainly not going to happen (no possibility).
Example of sentences:
“If James won the game show, he would have bought a
house.”
The above sentence indicates that if if James wins the
game show, he or she might use her prize to buy a house. But in reality James
did not win the game show so that he can not buy a house.
The structure of the third sentence if conditional:
If + Past Perfect (Subject + had + verb 3) + Subject + would
have + Verb 3
Example of sentences:
·
If I had saved a lot of money, I would have gone travelling.
·
If she had not gotten mad, they would have been together.
·
If Steve had not been late at work too many times, he would
have kept his job.
The structure of the third if conditional sentence can
also be reversed as follows:
Subject + would have + Verb 3 + If + Past Perfect (Subject +
had + verb 3)
Example of sentences:
·
I would’ve invited you to the party if you had been available
all day.
·
I would’ve gone to dinner outside if it had not been raining
all day.
·
Her mom would be so mad if she had not passed the exam.
There are some lines that 'he' can be interpreted as
implying, such as:
·
I wouldn’t have been late (if I had woken up early)
·
He would have finished his work (if he hadn’t been too
distracted)
Direct & Indirect
(Present Form)
PRESENT
TENSES :
·
Present Simple tense into Past Simple
|
Present Simple
|
Past Simple
|
|
He
said, “I write a letter”
|
He
said that he wrote a letter.
|
|
She
said, “he goes to school daily”
|
He said
that she went to school daily.
|
|
They
said, “we love our country”
|
They
said that they loved their country
|
|
He
said, “he does not like computer”
|
He said that
he did not like computer.
|
·
Present Continuous tense into Past Continuous
|
Present Continous
|
Past Continous
|
|
He
said, “he is listening to the music”
|
He
said that he was listening to the music.
|
|
She
said, “I am washing my clothes”
|
She said
that she was washing her clothes.
|
|
They
said, “we are enjoying the weather”
|
They
said that they were not enjoying the weather.
|
|
She
said, “I am not laughing”
|
She said
that she was not laughing.
|
·
Present Perfect tense into Pas Perfect
|
Present Perfect
|
Pas Perfect
|
|
She
said, “he has finished his work”
|
She
said that he had finished his work.
|
|
He
said, “I have started a job”
|
He said
that he had started a job.
|
|
I
said, “she have eaten the meal”
|
I
said that she had eaten the meal.
|
|
They
said, “we have not gone to New York.
|
They
said that they had not gone to New York.
|
·
Present Perfect Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
|
Present Perfect Continuous
|
Past perfect continuous
|
|
He
said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock”
|
He
said that he had been studying since 3 O’clock.
|
|
She
said, “It has been raining for three days.”
|
She said
that it been raining for three days.
|
|
I
said, “She has been working in this office since 2007”
|
I
said that she had been working in this office since 2007.
|
Direct & Indirect
(Past Form)
PAST
TENSES :
·
Past Simple into Past Perfect
|
Past simple
|
Past Perfect
|
|
He
said to me, “you answered correctly”
|
He
said to me that I had answered correctly.
|
|
John
said, “they went to cinema”
|
John
said that they had gone to cinema.
|
|
He
said, “I made a table”
|
He
said that he had made a table.
|
|
She
said, “I didn’t buy a car”
|
She said
that she had not bought a car.
|
·
Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
|
Past Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
|
They
said, “we were enjoying the weather”
|
They
said that they had been enjoying.
|
|
He
said to me, “ I was waiting for you”
|
He said
to me that he had been waiting for me.
|
|
I
said, “It was raining”
|
I
said that it had been raining.
|
|
She
said, “I was not laughing”
|
She said
that she not been laughing.
|
·
Past Perfect into Past Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
|
She
said, “She had visited a doctor”
|
She
said that she had visited a doctor.
|
|
He
said, “I had started a business”
|
He said
that he had started a business.
|
|
I
said, “she had eaten the meal”
|
I
said that she had eaten the meal.
|
|
They
said, “we had not gone to New York.
|
They
said they had not gone to New York.
|
Direct & Indirect
(Future Form)
FUTURE
TENSES :
·
Future Simple, Will into Would
|
Future simple, will into would
|
|
|
He
said, “I will study the book”
|
He
said that he would study the book.
|
|
She
said, “I will buy a computer”
|
She said
that she would buy a computer.
|
|
They
said to me, “we will send you gifts”
|
They
said to me that they would send you gifts.
|
|
I
said, “I will not take the exam”
|
I said
that I would not take the exam
|
·
Future Continuous, Will Be into Would Be
|
Future Continuous, will be
into would be
|
|
|
I
said to him, “ I will be waiting for him”
|
I
said to him that I would be waiting for him.
|
|
She
said,” I will be shifting to new home”
|
She said
that she would be shifting to a new home.
|
|
He
said, “I will be working hard”
|
He
said that he would be working hard.
|
|
She
said, “he will not be flying kite”
|
She said
that he would not be flying kites.
|
·
Future
Perfect, Will Have into Would Have
|
Future Perfect, will have into
would have
|
|
|
He
said, “I will have finished the work”
|
He
said that he would have finished the work.
|
|
She
said, “they will have passed the examination”
|
She said
that they would have passed the examination
|
|
He
said, “I will have gone”
|
He
said that he would have gone.
|
Direct & Indirect
Speech for Interrogative and Imperative Sentence
·
Interrogative (Questions)
Sentence
For changing interrogative (question) sentence into indirect
speech we have to observe the nature of question and then change it into indirect
speech according to it rules for indirect speech. A question can be of two
types. One type which can be answered in only YES or NO and other type which
needs a little bit explanation for its answer and cannot be answered in only
YES or NO.
Example :
1. Do you like music?
(It can be answered in YES or NO).
2. How are you? (It
cannot be answered in YES or NO but it needs a little bit explanation i.e, I am fine).
Questions which can be answered in YES/NO
To change questions (which
can be answered in yes or no) into indirect speech, word “if” or “whether” is
used before the question in indirect speech. Rules for change in tense of
question sentences are same as for change in normal tenses in indirect speech
but sentence will not start with the auxiliary verb of the tense. The word
“that” is not used between reporting verb and reported speech as conjunction in
indirect speech for question sentence. Question mark is not used in indirect
speech.
Example :
1. Direct speech: He
said to me, “do you like music?”
Indirect
Speech: He asked me if I liked music. (Not, did I like music)
Or
Indirect Speech: He asked me whether I liked music.
2. Direct speech: She said, “Will he participate in the quiz
competition?”
Indirect
Speech: She asked me if he would participate in quiz competition.
3. Direct speech: I
said to him, “are you feeling well?”
Indirect
Speech: I asked him if he was feeling well.
4. Direct speech: They
said to me, “did u go to school?”
Indirect
Speech: They asked me if I had gone to school.
5. Direct speech: He
said to me, “Have you taken the breakfast?”
Indirect
Speech: He asked me if I had taken the breakfast.
Question
which cannot be answered in YES/NO
To change such questions
into indirect speech, the words “if” or “whether” is not used. The tense of the
question is changed according to the rules for change in normal tenses in
indirect speech but sentence will not start with the auxiliary verb of the
tense. The word “that” is not used between reporting verb and reported speech
as conjunction, in indirect speech for question sentence. Question mark is not
used in indirect speech.
Example :
1. Direct speech: He
said to me, “how are you?”
Indirect
speech: He asked me how I was. (Not, how was I)
2. Direct speech:
Teacher said to him, “what is your name?”
Indirect
speech: Teacher asked him what his name was.
3. Direct speech: She
said to him, “why did you come late?”
Indirect
speech: She asked him why he had come late.
·
Imperative Sentence
A sentence which expresses command, request, advice or suggestion
is called imperative sentence.
Example :
-
Open the door.
-
Please help me.
-
Learn your lesson.
To change such sentences
into indirect speech, the word “ordered” or “requested” or “advised” or
“suggested” or “forbade” or “not to do” is added to reporting verb depending
upon nature of imperative sentence in reported speech.
Example :
1. Direct speech: He
said to me, “please help me”
Indirect Speech: He
requested me to help him.
2. Direct speech: She
said to him, “you should work hard for exam”
Indirect Speech: He
suggested him to work hard for exam.
3. Direct speech: They
said to him, “do not tell a lie”
Indirect Speech:
They said to him not to tell a lie.
4. Direct speech: He
said, “open the door”
Indirect Speech: He
ordered to open the door.
Komentar
Posting Komentar